The Advancement Of Behaviorism A Look At The Progression...

The Advancement of Behaviorism: A Look at the Progression of Behavioral Science Through Time Sara Lalani Nova Southeastern University Abstract Why do people behave in the manner that they do? This is a question that has been asked since a few hundred years before the common era. Early individuals, such as Sigmund Freud, have come up with their own theories in an attempt to explain human behavior. On the other hand, Ivan Pavlov was not trying to necessarily explain human behavior, but he did set up a paradigm that inspired John B. Watson. Watson used Pavlov’s Stimulus—Response contingency to explore psychological facets of behavior, leading to methodological behaviorism. This form of behavioral science only analyzed behavior that could be seen by the naked eye and discounted mental events. In opposition to this, B.F. Skinner formed radical behaviorism, which did include the analysis of â€Å"private events,† which could include thoughts or even physical sensations. This eventually lead to the formation of applied behavior analysis, which retained a lot of Skinner’s beliefs, but the focus was shift ed to understanding behavior in order to reform it—with an emphasis on socially significant behavior. Composition on behaviorism from its early beginnings to the present is not something commonly found. There are articles that touch on the subject, but they are usually not comprehensive in regards to the entire proliferation of the study of behavior. This paper bringsShow MoreRelatedApplication of Observational Learning6241 Words   |  25 Pagesprovided. Choose any one of the learning theories shown. Be prepared in class to define the theory, describe its elements, and discuss how it could be used in the design of a training program. Introduction: Higher animals especially humans learn through observing and imitating others.Monkey reared in captivity with wild parents. Neuroscientists have discovered (mirror)neurons in the brain of animals and humans that activate during learning. Learning theory: Learning theories make general statementsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBehavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review

The Legal Drinking Age Should Be Abolished - 1634 Words

Legality and Liquor: A Balancing Act Laws surrounding alcohol use and consumption in the United States all stem from one major root: the Prohibition Era of the 1920s. The Prohibition Era lasted almost thirteen years and banned the production, the distribution, and the sale of alcohol. In 1933, the Prohibition Act was repealed and states designated their own legal drinking age. In 1984 the National Minimum Drinking Age act was passed and raised the drinking age in the United States to twenty-one. This law caused uproar in states that had declared the minimum drinking age to be eighteen. Alcohol consumption is a major factor in cultural and social matters and the National Minimum Drinking Age has affected everybody. This law is unjust†¦show more content†¦Alcohol has had a long history with amendments and ratifications. Some of the most notable amendments related to drinking are the eighteenth and the twenty-first amendments. The eighteenth amendment was based off prohibition and essentially banned alcohol from the United States. Antecedently, the twenty-first amendment repealed the eighteenth amendment. This left the states open to choose a legal drinking age; all of the states decided upon ages no less than eighteen and no greater than twenty-one. There is another pressing moral dilemma surrounding the National Minimum Drinking Age act. President Reagan, who signed the act recommended that, â€Å"All states should raise their drinking age to twenty-one, lest they lose a percentage of federal highway dollars† (Choose Responsibility). This was a not so subtle threat to the states. If the states did not change their legal drinking ages to twenty-one their highway funding would be cut, causing major problems with untended roads and ironically reducing roadway safety. It proved an effective threat as all the states adapted over to this law to avoid losing funding. This threat is a gross injustice of the National Minimum Drinking Age act, which is tied in with ex-post facto laws. Eighteen year olds hit a constitutional jackpot with their rights on their birthday, but they lack one very noticeable right: the right to possess and consume

Traumatic Shoulder Injury Rugby Union Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(292) " In Antereoinferior GHJ dislocations the humeral caput is forced down through the deficient inferior capsule and anteriorly due to the boney blocks of the acromial process, coracoid procedure and its tie ining ligament ensuing in a complete tear and rupture of the capsule in most instances\." Classified as a hit athletics by many athleticss sawboness the nature of Rugby Union consequences in comparatively high rates of traumatic hurts compared to other athleticss ( Sundaram et. al 2010 ) . Epidemiologic Injury Incidence Rates ( IIR ) demonstrate that participants who miss at least 24hrs of athletics scope from 69-218 incidences per 1000hrs of drama, with more serious IIRs being recorded every bit frequently as 13. We will write a custom essay sample on Traumatic Shoulder Injury Rugby Union Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 26-13.95/1000hrs ( McManus et al. 2004, Garraway et Al. 1995 ) . New Australian epidemiological research of a big cohort of 1475 rugger participants across all degrees of competition ( School boy, amateur, academy, professional ) have found that 14-28 % of entire rugger hurts involve the upper limb ( McManus et al 2008, Usman 2012 ) , specifically 66 % or an IIR of 13.12/1000hrs happening to the shoulder articulation with hurts such as ; Anterior Dislocations and breaks ( Usman et al 2012 ) .These upper limb hurts have been associated with the longest clip out of drama, quantified as more than 4 matches/28days or more, in the Australian survey ( Usman et al 2012 ) . All of this information indicates that upper limb hurts have a really high prevalence in the athletics and are besides rather enfeebling. In comparing to IIRs associated with rugger participants, the general population rates of Anterior disruption are every bit low as 1.7 % ( Boone 2010 ) .Considering this disparity in st atistical happening between the 2 populations, the debilitating nature of this hurt to rugby participants and the fact that it is extremely likely to show in a injury puting I have chosen to concentrate the balance of this essay on Anterior Dislocations of the shoulder. Anatomy and Mechanisms Prior to discoursing the mechanism of hurt involved with this rugger associated pathology, it is of import to foremost specify what constitutes the normal anatomical constructions of the shoulder articulation. Normal Anatomy The shoulder articulation allows for the most extended scopes of motions ( ROM ) in the full organic structure, due chiefly to the building of the GlenoHumeral Joint ( GHJ ) composite. This big freedom of motion depends on stableness of the joint to stay active and is achieved by the inactive and dynamic stabilizers: Inactive stabilizers include ; the glenoid labrum which increases the otic contact country by up to 50 % , the extrinsic coracoacromial arch and intrinsic ligaments linking the humeral caput and the shoulder blade. Dynamic stabilizers include ; the rotator turnup musculuss known jointly as SITS. Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor and Subscapularis. The GHJ and its associated constructions are innervated by the suprascapular, sidelong pecs and alar nervousnesss. The two groups mentioned above work in concurrence to maintain the humeral caput in close articulation with the glenoid pit and supply important stableness in order to supply a usually functioning articulation. ( Moore et al. 2009 ) Mechanism of Injury As rugger is a hit athletics with several participants at high speed typically involved in any one incident, it is really difficult to determine one definite mechanism of hurt. When questioned participants are frequently obscure on the inside informations of the mechanism, but it is reported that contact ( e.g. tackle state of affairss ) is responsible for 70 % of GHJ hurts ( Usman et al 2012 ) with foul drama merely being responsible for 6 % ( Crichton et al. 2012 ) .This is no surprise as tackling has been shown to be a major portion of the game with about 330 incidents per game ( Sundaram et al 2010 ) . Queerly nevertheless undertaking when measured with the usage of force tablets does non exercise a high plenty force to do hurt to the constructions in the shoulder. Usman et Al ( 2011 ) measured proper technique tackle forces utilizing dominant and non-dominant shoulders both in the lab and on the field. The findings demonstrated that undertaking merely produced half the sum of fo rce necessary to do traumatic harm to the shoulder. Therefore there is more elements to the mechanism of GHJ hurt than merely force via undertaking entirely. Subsequently surveies have made usage of picture analysis to reexamine a big base of GHJ hurts in order to set up a mechanism of hurt. It was found that there are three classical places ( c. f. appendix I ) in which GHJ occurs in rugger ; The try-scorer: diving and making with the arm flexed above 90A ° Tackler: Abducted arm driven behind the participant with a ensuing posterior force Direct Impact: Impact to shoulder from hit or land. Slightly flexed or impersonal with some internal rotary motion ( Crichton et al 2012 ) The Try-scorer and tackler were the most common groups for labral and humeral caput hurts happening in Antereoinferior GHJ disruptions, as the caput of the humerus is affected by a lever action from force transmitted through the arm in the wrong place ( Crichton et al 2012 ) . This illustrates that it is non undertaking that is the cause of hurt but more so wrong technique during a tackle or in contact with the land. The beginning of this improper technique is likely to be due to tire happening during the game. Tackling was shown to be a fatiguing activity as less force was produced with each tackle repeat when measured ( Usman et al. 2011 ) Fatigue has besides been shown to hold a negative consequence on an jock ‘s propioception or joint place sense ( JPS ) . As fatigue addition mechanoreceptors around the GHJ musculuss can non accurately describe JPS. Consequently during contact the jock will non hold their GHJ in the optimum place to absorb the force ensuing in hurt such as those described above from less effectual tackling ( Herrington 2008 and 2010, Sundaram et al 2010, Usman et al 2011 ) .Repetitive overloading of the inactive stabilizers through wrong undertaking technique can besides do incompetency of the GHJ taking to micro injury over clip and finally sprain/dislocation of the joint ( Goldberg et al 2003 ) .Other hazard factors that have besides been shown to be lending factors include ; accomplishment, playing experience, equipment, old hurts, playing place and degree of competition ( Usman et al 2011 ) Pathoanatomy In Antereoinferior GHJ dislocations the humeral caput is forced down through the deficient inferior capsule and anteriorly due to the boney blocks of the acromial process, coracoid procedure and its tie ining ligament ensuing in a complete tear and rupture of the capsule in most instances. Equally good as the ligamentous capsule hurt there is besides associated harm to both soft tissue and bone ( Thomas et al 2007 ) . With respects to soft tissue injury the most common pathoanatomy of soft tissue is a Bankart lesion ( Boone et al 2010 ) . This is a withdrawal of the anteroinferior Labrum and Inferior GH ligament with a farther 50 % of these showing with associated break of the Anterior rim of the glenoid pit ( Boone et al 2010 ) . Both of these occur when the humeral caput is forced out of the pit during disruption. If non treated decently, these lesions will take to a chronic instability in the accomplished shoulder, taking to recurrent disruptions as is seen in 21.5 % of incidences during the first lucifer after return to play ( Usman et al 2012 ) . Perennial disruptions are common in rugger due to a figure of factors such as early return to play, non-surgical intervention with stableness and other factors mentioned above in mechanisms. Recurrence causes the figure of constructions involved and the badness to increase dramatically.The figure of Anterioinferior labral lesions addition ( Doo-sup et al. , 2010 ) , Osseous Bankart lesions besides increase up to 56-86 % with perennial dislocators combined with a 67-100 % likeliness of besides holding a Hill-Sachs break ( Boone et al. , 2010, Beran et al. , 2010 ) . Hills-Sachs lesions occur on the postereo-lateral caput of the humerus as it impacts on the glenoid pit. Presentation History On showing to A A ; E the patient will more than probably describe one of the three scenarios above, saying that their arm was abducted and externally rotated at the clip of contact. They will besides describe to holding felt a faux pas and â€Å" dead † shoulder after the incident ( Goldberg et al. , 2003 ) . The other chief symptom showing with a disjointed shoulder are terrible hurting and reduced scope of gesture. The patient will besides keep their arm guarded in little abduction and external rotary motion. Examination Expression: The patient will look to hold really small ROM when discasing. The shoulder will look â€Å" squared off † with loss of deltoid contour. Feel: The humeral caput is tangible anteriorly in the subcoracoid part. It is besides of import to compare bilateral radial pulsations to govern out vascular hurt and to prove the alar nervus in the ‘regimental badge mark ‘ over the deltoid bilaterally. Move: Active motion ; the patient is unable to finish Apley ‘s abrasion trial, i.e. touch opposite shoulder, opposite shoulder blade, back of the cervix. In Passive motion the patient will defy abduction and internal rotary motion. Imagination: This must be done to govern out differential diagnosings of clavicular or humeral breaks. A shoulder injury series should besides be ordered Pre and Post decrease. An AP or alar X raies are the most suitable for Anterior disruptions. Post decrease movies are highly of import as 37.5 % of breaks such Hills-Sachs are seeable that would hold been missed Pre-reduction. ( Thomas et al. 2007 ) Treatment and Recovery Suitable analgesia and musculus relaxants should be selected, nevertheless intra-articular injections of lignocaine have been associated with fewer complications and decreased corsets than traditional IV opiate analgesia ( Wakai et al 2011 ) . The following measure is to instantly cut down the shoulder, as a successful decrease is normally associated with a pronounced decrease in hurting. A ‘clunk ‘ may be observed either palpably or audibly as the humeral caput re-enters the glenoid pit. Nerve map should be assessed anterior to and post-reduction over the regimental spot country of the shoulder. This is done to measure if the alar nervus was damaged during decrease of the joint. Afterwards the shoulder should so be immobilised ( Thomas et al 2007 ) . Post-reduction tends to mean the terminal of the A A ; E staff ‘s engagement with the disruption before discharge nevertheless it must be considered if the patient needs an orthopedic referral. In the presence of Bankart and Hills-Sachs lesions surgical intercession is frequently warranted as it is a cause of GHJ instability and a major hazard factor for return. In the bomber group of immature hit participants careful consideration is needed when taking the right process. Open processs are frequently favoured due to a high return rate of 89 % with some arthroscopic operations in contact athletics jocks ( Boone et al 2010, Golberg et al 2003 ) .The unfastened Latarjet-Pette process demonstrates good consequences in some tests with no return and a full return to rugby in 65 % of patients ( Neyton et al 2012 ) . Recovery clip so consists of 4 hebdomads of immobilization in a sling with 0 grades external rotary motion, after which beef uping exercisings can be introduced ( Jolles et al 2004, Auffarth et al 2008, Boone et al 2010 ) . New inventions Recent research in the orthopedic field has led to the usage of thrombocyte rich plasma ( PRP ) in the intervention of sinew, ligament and bone pathologies. The intervention involves utilizing an autologous blood dressed ore injected straight into the damaged tissue. The hypothesis is that the increased thrombocyte derived growing factors from the dressed ore will rush up the healing procedure. Presently there is non adequate grounds to back up this technique as there are really few RCTs with PRP usage on shoulders. Consequences are inconclusive as different concentrations of thrombocytes and different protocols have been used across different surveies. However as the grounds base grows it may be a valuable clinical tool in the hereafter ( Ujash et al 2012, Hall et al 2009 ) The usage of shoulder tablets in rugger has besides been investigated. When tackle forces with and without tablets were measured merely a non-significant decrease in force was observed. This leads to them exposing similar rates of hurt with lone superficial tissues being protected ( Usman et al 2011 ) .Future research could hence be aimed at doing more effectual shoulder pads/straps that do non alter the authorization of the game as set by the IRB. CAT osteoabsorptiometry has besides been used to measure the chronic effects rugby imposes on the GHJ. This technique tracks mineral denseness measured in Haunsfield units over the glenoid fossa country. Rugby participants compared to the controls, have a Posteroinferior displacement in mineralisation which was observed with 40 % of rugby topics exhibiting an inferior boney glenoid lesion ( Kawasaki et al 2012 ) . These findings may be utile in testing persons to supply trim intervention in order to forestall chronic instability later in life every bit good as decelerating the patterned advance of degenerative arthritis. Decisions In drumhead ague anterior disruptions of the shoulder are rather common in rugby participants with rates greatly transcending those of the general population. The mechanism is besides really variable as surveies have demonstrated at least three common ways it can happen. Dislocation is besides seldom unsophisticated with both soft tissues and bone constructions involved as in the instance of Bankart and Hills-Sachs lesions, or even damage to the alar nervus doing deltoid palsy and loss of abduction. These factors combined with the particular consideration necessary for the sub-population of immature hit jocks, can greatly act upon intervention and must be taken into history for successful intervention of this traumatic event. Appendix ( Crichton et al 2012 ) How to cite Traumatic Shoulder Injury Rugby Union Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Research Proposal for Food Waste Management-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theResearch Proposal for Food Waste Management in Denmark. Answer: Background to the problem Food being the essential component for the survival of human existence is the most powerful and growing industry around the world. Food not only provides the energy and nutrition but also allow us to grow and remain healthy. In the last few decades, the industrial food waste has been recognising as a significant issue of nutritional, social and environmental problems. With a total population of about 5.4 million, a stable business environment, Denmark is one of the highly developed countries. Copenhagen, capital of Denmark alone has 20% of total population of Denmark. Denmark being a highly developed country, people there are too busy and due to busy lifestyle they want to keep themselves physically fit and healthy. In Danish society the importance can be demonstrated with the spending of households over DKK 88,000 million in a year only on food and the agro-chain sector, from production to retail, has a total turnover of DKK 162,000 million in a year(Napier Bjerregaard, 2014). The whole process of the industry in Denmark only emits the largest amount of greenhouse gases, with a significant 7%of total CO2 emission, and if this food is not consumed then the resources used for this much production are wasted. All this has to be controlled with some effective way because if this wastage in food industry is not reducing then there will be a huge problem of lack of resources along with some environmental and social problems. This reduction of food waste can be achieved by different means but among all these means prevention is the best solution. Prevention will reduce the food waste and as well as the resources too(Affald Spild, 2017). Management problem In the last five years Denmark has become one of the leading European countries to fight for the food waste prevention. And the Danish Government has credited a woman, Selina Juul, who came from Russia, for her efforts to reduce the food waste by 25% in Denmark(Rodionova, 2017). To get some effective means for the reduction of over all food waste in Denmark the management of food industry has to analyse the root of the problem. This analysis will require the whole food chain analysis from production to the retail services. For this management has to collect some statistical and study data in terms of primary information and secondary data. This whole process will require the research to be conducted different major sectors responsible for the overall wastage of food which are processing, wholesale retail, food service and Household sector. All these sectors are equally responsible for the total food waste. Therefore, all the primary and secondary data has to be collected for the ind ividual sector in order to get the complete understanding of the problem. Further after collecting the required date management has to decide the suitable type of methodology for the research(Nielsen, 2017). This methodology can be one of the below stated two kinds of researches: Quantitative research Qualitative research After this, management has to make some really important decisions for the selection of the suitable method to conduct the research or study. The management has to decide its strategy and planning to conduct the study in such a way that the adopted method must be adoptable by the company and the outcome the study must be beneficial for the company(Hesse-Biber, 2015). To conduct an effective market research, management has to investigate the following factors about the new product in market: Demand of the market This study will help the management to get the actual demand of the market which is important to control the extra and unnecessary production of the food Market analysis In this particular management has to subgroup the market for its product by distinguishing the gender, personality and choice of the consumers and then management has to supply the quantity of different types of food according to the consumption by different segments of the market Research question The above research problem leads us to get some answers to deal with the management problems: What is the actual demand for food? What is the demand for individual cuisine in the market? What is the supply chain process of different products? Which food is loved most by the market? What is the supply for individual food? Research objective From the above research problem we derived some objectives to complete the research in an effective approach. This research problem provides the following objectives: To assess the activities responsible for the wastage of food and identify the nature and amount of the waste production. To identify and evaluate the food waste prevention in different sectors responsible for the major food waste production. To recommend the effective and suitable management to reduce wastage production. To consider different food waste minimizing methods and identify the good practise for the same(Carraresi Banterle, 2015). References Affald, U., Spild, S. (2017, April). Food Wasste Prevention in Denmark: Identification of Hotspots and Potentias with Life Cycle. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark: https://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2017/04/978-87-93529-80-9.pdf Carraresi, L., Banterle, A. (2015). Agri-food Competitive Performance in EU Countries: A Fifteen- Year Retrospective. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 18(2), 37-61. Hesse-Biber, S. (2015). The Problems and Prespects in the Teaching of Mixed Methods Research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 18(5). Napier, G., Bjerregaard, H. (2014). Towards An International Food Cluster in Denmark. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from Danish Food Cluster: https://danishfoodcluster.dk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TOWARDS-AN-INTERNATIONAL-FOOD-CLUSTER-IN-DENMARK.pdf Nielsen, M. M. (2017). eGovernance Framework for Successful Citizen Use of Online Services: A Danish-Japanese Comparative Analysis. Journal of Democracy (JeDEM), 9(2), 68-109. Rodionova, Z. (2017). Denmark Reduces Food Wastte by 25% in Five Years eith the Help of One Woman- Selina Juul. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from independent: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/denmark-reduce-food-waste-25-per-cent-five-years-help-selina-juul-scandanavia-a7604061.html

Rent the adaptation of the broadway musical to feature film

Introduction This case study focuses on â€Å"Rent† a musical production that first opened in Broadway in 1994. Jonathan Larson wrote and composed this musical. The musical is based on the Bohemian Ideals and is loosely based on La Puccini’s â€Å"La Boheme† (Puccini 1). The show was first shown in a limited three-week period at the New York Theatre.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Rent the adaptation of the broadway musical to feature film specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It then ran until 1996. The show was a success managing to garner a Pulitzer Prize and eventually moving to a much larger Broadway theatre in Nederlander. The show also won a Tony award among many other awards in the course of its production. Financially, â€Å"Rent† was a success grossing over two hundred and eighty million dollars in Broadway earnings. By the time the show closed in 2008 after running for twel ve years, it had already been staged over five thousand times. It was also the longest running Broadway show at the time (Bennett 45). The show enjoyed successful tours both in the United States and around the world. Some of these tours include the â€Å"Angel† tour and the â€Å"Benny tour.† Around the world, there have been tours in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia. The show has also been adopted in over thirty-two countries around the world. It has also been performed in twenty-four languages. The show has enjoyed positive reviews throughout it run. It was praised for its audience friendly scripting and the performance of some of its cast members like Neil Patrick Harris. Eventually, the show was adapted into a film in 2005. Some of the original cast members were featured in this film. The plot of the show is linear, with the action arranged into two acts. The first Act introduces the main character Mark and his friends. This Act chronicles each cha racter’s afflictions and problems. There are those who are battling AIDS, those who are seeking love, those who are battling to maintain their relationships, and those who are battling with financial insecurities. There is also Benny who is seeking to achieve his goals by subjecting his friends to suffering. This act is centered on a demonstration that is planned to prevent Benny from developing a cyber studio in the lot next to Mark’s apartment. This Act reveals each character’s fears, trials and tribulations. The second act opens with Mark and Roger having been locked out of the apartment. They are gathering a crowd around the apartment to help with the break-in. In the course of this Act, several relationships are severed, and Angel dies. The act ends with Mimi being very sick. At this state of near death, she struggles to confess her love for Mark. Then, they all gather to rejoice for the little time they have lived with each other.Advertising Looking f or case study on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The story is centered on Mark, a filmmaker, together with his group of friends: Roger, a rocker, and his roommate, who is suffering from AIDS. He was once a successful musician and had a drug addiction problem. There is Mimi an exotic dancer who is also suffering from AIDS and is Roger’s love interest. She lives in an apartment below them and is a drug addict. Mark and Roger lived in an apartment complex that is now owned by their former roommate Benjamin â€Å"Benny† Coffin. Benny was able to purchase their building and the lot next to it after marrying a wealthy girl. Although he had promised to let Mark and Roger live in his building rent free, he still goes back on his word and starts demanding rent from them. He now seeks to develop a cyber studio in the area occupied by the lot. Many people oppose this development led by Maureen Johnson, a lesbian, who used to be Mark’s girlfriend, and Joanne Jefferson, a public interest lawyer, and Maureen’s, current girlfriend. Tom Collins used to live in this apartment before moving in with Angel. He is a gay anarchist and a teacher. Mark describes him as a computer genius. Angel is a drag queen and a street percussionist who has AIDS. Angel is Mark’s love interest and eventually succumbs to AIDS. This musical’s performance touches on the themes of love, loss and betrayal (Rapp 19). Several characters have romantic feelings towards each other. The main character Mark used to date Maureen who has, in turn, become Joanne’s lover. The strongest love is, however, exemplified by Roger and Mimi. Initially, Roger is reluctant to get romantically involved with Mimi. Near the end of the movie, he sings a very romantic song titled â€Å"your eyes† which is partially responsible for Mimi’s revival (Larson 1). Love, in this case, is closely connected to loss. Mark lost his love for Maureen and, since then, he has not found love in another woman. Collin loses his love interest to AIDS and struggles to overcome his loss. Roger’s former girlfriend committed suicide when she found out she had AIDS. Betrayal is the other theme in this performance. Several characters feel betrayed by their bodies for contracting AIDS. In addition, Benny betrays his friends and former acquaintances.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Rent the adaptation of the broadway musical to feature film specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This production appeals mostly to young people. This is because they are more likely to relate to the issues of love, sex, and same sex relationships. The story chronicles the struggles of young people. These include struggles with their careers, their parents constant meddling, their sexuality, drug addiction, or even newfound status. The older people m ay also be appealed to by this musical because it opens their eyes to the struggles of the young people. The writer of this musical set it in his own town of residence, New York. Several of the addressed issues were situations the writer encountered on a day-to-day basis. During the time, the town was grappling with the AIDS epidemic that was cutting short the life of many young men and women at the time. The debate on same sex marriages was also in high gear during this time. This is probably why the writer of the musical chose to represent those in same sex relationships in a positive light. â€Å"Rent† is a highly charged and emotional performance that uses music and artistic performance to communicate to its audience. This case study focuses on effects of â€Å"political modernism† when adapting the musical into a film. The case study aims at investigating how modernism affects adaptation of the musical into a film through revisions, rewritings, change in musical p erformances, costumes, surfacing of themes among others (Baker 34). For this reason, the original â€Å"Rent† performance will be compared and contrasted with the 2005 film with the same name. Areas of Analysis: Rewritings One of the rewritings in the film is occasioned by the addition of an engagement scene in the film version. Joanne’s parents host this engagement. This change is most likely in line with modernism. During the time the original musical was first performed, the issue of same sex marriages was frowned upon. By the time the film premiered in 2005, this stance had already softened. This makes this scene more palatable to the audience at this time. Musical Performances The number of musical performances in the Braodway’s original performance is less than that which is in the film. In some instances, these songs are turned into dialogue. The director of the film cites some of the reasons for cutting out the songs as lack of pacing and some songs bear ing unnecessary emotional burden.Advertising Looking for case study on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After television audiences have been exposed to constant emotional distress, there is a need for more entertainment content in films than was needed a decade ago. The songs that were cut include â€Å"Christmas Bells,† â€Å"We Are Okay†andâ€Å"Happy New Year.† All these songs are modern day television clichà ©s. In line with artistic political modernism, they would not appeal to the latter audiences as they used to (Levenson 24). Conveyance of Themes The death of Roger’s girlfriend in the musical is shown as suicide. She did so when she found out that she had AIDS as stated in her suicide note. In the film version, she is only seen reading a doctor’s note. The reason for this discrepancy may be that, back then, contracting AIDS was practically a death sentence. This has, however, changed over time. In addition, it is considered more politically correct today to give hope to those affected as opposed to agreeing with their desolation. Conclusion The transition of â€Å"Rent† from a musical to a film was a smooth one with no major discrepancies. However, a closer investigation reveals the effects of modernism in this translation. Several details were altered during this adaptation in line with political modernism (Zatlin 49). While the central theme remains the same, several other minor details of the original film have lost significance over time. Works Cited Baker, Houston. Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Print. Bennett, Susan. Theatre audiences: A theory of production and reception, New York, NY: Routledge, 1997. Print. Larson, Jonathan. Rent the Musical-Lyrics. 1996. Web. https://www.allmusicals.com/r/rent.htm. Levenson, Michael. The Cambridge Companion to Modernism, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print. Puccini, Giacomo. La bohà ¨me —Libretto in English. n.d. Web. Rapp, Anthony. Without You: A Memoir of Love, Loss, and the Musical Rent , New York, NY: Simon Schuster, 2006. Print. Zatlin, Phyllis. Theatrical Translation And Film Adaptation: A Practitioner’s View, London: Multilingual Matters, 2005. Print. This case study on Rent the adaptation of the broadway musical to feature film was written and submitted by user Ahmad Mann to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Confucius and Family Relationshiops

Confucius and Family Relationshiops Free Online Research Papers To Confucius family relationships are more important than any other relationship a human being could have. The way someone treated a family member affected whether they would be viewed as truly human or not. To Confucius it was all a matter of respecting your elders. His most important relationship is between the father and the eldest son. In his opinion â€Å"it is the hinge of civilization†. To Confucius the father must love and care for his son and is responsible for his welfare. On the other hand though the son must respect and obey his father and see to his welfare as well. If the father were to neglect his son or the son were to not respect his father they would not be considered truly human because they were not following their natural way or duty in life. Along with the father son relationship Confucius had 4 more important relationships, which were also all based on respect towards your superior. Number two was the husband and wife relationship where the husband must treat his wife fairly and the wife must respect and obey her husband. Number 3 was the elder brother and younger brother relationship in which the elder brother must take care of his younger brother and in return the younger brother must give respect to his older brother. Confucius’s fourth relationship was that of the ruler and the subject. In this case the ruler had to watch out and care for his subjects while they had to respect, obey, and be loyal to the ruler. His last relationship was that of an elder and younger in general where a younger person must respect their elders and the elders must be kind to those younger than them. These five relationships are all written together in what is known as the doctrine of the Five Relationships. They all are based on g ood character and following what is expected of you. To Confucius if you deviate from what is expected of you, you are deemed to not have good character and not be truly human. Confucius also believed that no matter how big the family or society that if everyone were to follow and obey their roles that everyone in that particular family and/or society would be harmonious. By a society being harmonious Confucius thought it would lead to people from other societies coming over to join a better society which would lead to a more populated society that would lead to more loyal subjects to the ruler eventually leading to a better army incase one was needed to defend against an invasion. But just as quickly as it could build up, I believe it could fall just as easily. I personally do not think this could ever work in a family or society. I think that if this system depended on everyone to follow the way they are told to be and a few people decided not to, that it would crumble the whole system. By a few people who decide not to do what is expected of them could set off a chain reaction that could eventually lead its way all the up to the top or all the way down to the bottom depending on where it started. To me it seems like a domino affect, if one person decides to deviate from what is expected of them then it may cause one or two others to deviate which may each cause another one or two people to do the same. If this did happen it could bring down the entire society as a whole and allow it to be open for takeover by a neighboring state. Research Papers on Confucius and Family RelationshiopsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on Children

Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Organization - Essay Example This paper will look at advantages of a collaborative role among organizations. A collaborative role benefits both clients and the services given to them. Through collaboration, the organizations become more responsive to customers’ needs. On the other hand, a collaborative role within the organization seals the gaps in services being offered and also provides for a provision of services that are more comprehensive. Apart from the advantages to clients and service provision, the collaborative role has advantages to the organization. It enables the organization to introduce new practices, expectation, and ideas. Moreover, collaboration among organizations facilitates enhanced access to available resources. Additionally, Game Theory has been used by organizations to improve quality or maximize profits (Shuman, Twombly & Rottenberg, 2001). Collaboration by nature combines several and different initiatives. The advantage of having many individuals in a group, where the pool of ability is bigger, produces a beneficial resource in units that cannot be found where people work individually. People with different academic and personal background should be merged so as to achieve the best out of an organization. Conversely, it is essential to lessen connectivity in places where collaboration is not of

911 Commissino Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

911 Commissino Report - Essay Example Bush in late 2002, is chartered to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, including preparedness for and the immediate response to the attacks. The Commission is also mandated to provide recommendations designed to guard against future attacks". (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States)Meanwhile, to preview the 9/11 attack on American, it is very significant to state that "the 9/11 attack was in some ways more devastating. It was carried out by a tiny group of people, not enough to man a full platoon. Measured on a governmental scale, the resources behind it were trivial. The group itself was dispatched by an organization based in one of the poorest, most remote, and least industrialized countries on earth. This organization recruited a mixture of young fanatics and highly educated zealots who could not find suitable places in their home societies or were driven from them". (Historical Per spective)The Public Reports of the Commission was released on July 22, 2004, while August 21, the Commission also released two staffs monograph. Meanwhile, after the released, there were lots of comments from people in United States on her they received the final draft. Some also regarded the reports as Lie. "Those who would conceal the truth have tried (with some success) to condition the public into associating any questioning of the official version of events with the label "conspiracy theory" (and implicitly, "lunatic conspiracy theory"). A moment's consideration will reveal that this is quite a stupid claim, since to question, or to cast doubt upon, some claim or story is not in itself to put forward any other claim or story, and still less any "theory". One may (as many do) disbelieve the U.S. government's story about what happened on 9/11 without being obliged to provide any explanation at all as to what happened on that day". (The 9/11 Commission Report: A 571-Page Lie) "The final report of the 9/11 commission confirms many of the panel's preliminary findings that have--or should have--embarrassed the Bush administration. The commission does note, "Our aim has not been to assign individual blame. Our aim has been to provide the fullest possible account of the events surrounding 9/11 and to identify lessons learned." And it is true that the report does point to screw-ups and negligent policymaking committed during both the Bush II and Clinton administrations. But George W. Bush is the incumbent president who has to face the voters in November. Although Republicans in recent days have been highlighting the mistakes of the Clinton years, it is not inappropriate for voters to focus on what report tells us about Bush and his administration. As a public service, here is a look at several of those critical portions". (The 9/11 Reports: Bad News to Bush) The US Political leaders and other relations of the victims also reacted on how they received the final reports of 9/11 Commission. US President Bush, comments that "They've done a really good job of learning about our country and learning about what went wrong prior to 11 September, and making very sound, solid, recommendations about how to move forward. I assured them that where government needs to act, we will. "There is still a threat. We in the government have an obligation to do everything in our power to safeguard the American people." (Reaction to 9/11 Reports) CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we have seen and make assessments on the genesis of the 9/11 Commission which was inaugurated in order to investigate the causes of 9/11 attack on America. While members of the Commission seemed to

GLOBAL BUSINESS CONTEXT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

GLOBAL BUSINESS CONTEXT - Essay Example Airline Industry remains a most important figure at global level as it is providing different services at the same time. We found its first origination in 1909, and since then the structure of this industry changes over time showing a regular boosting and improvement. The structure of airline sector compromises of passenger services and freight services. On the other hand, its services are categorized as intra-continental, inter-continental, domestic services, operated or scheduled services and charter services1. The airline industry includes different sectors that together give rise to a complete Airline Sector. These sectors are Airbus, Jumbo Jets, Boeings and other small jets. The airlines deal with different services and among them passenger services and freight are the most common and most important services. Though, it was 1909 when the first airline craft was introduced by the Germany but this wasn't the most important figure. The actual industry starts when the airbus discovery took place. But before that, in 1914 the very first commercial flight in the US starts but this remain the only service till 1925 when the ford introduces their commercial flight holding 12-passengers capacity. At the same time the US decided to operate at global level and by 1930, the introduction of Boeing was made2. But till this time, the airline sector did not show any good performance and enhancement. Actual chronicle belongs to the year 1970 when European consortium (Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain become the member later after few years) started an airbus Industry. The objectives of the goals behind this industry were to create commercial aircraft with Germany, Great Britain and Spain. Where as, within the consortium France play the role of assembling. The logic behind this was to give a growth to international travelling. As, the need and demand for the international travelling increases in that era, the airbus industry play an important role in Airline sector3. The industry employee more than 57,000 people and are working in sixteen regions. The Airbus Industry has its subsidiaries in United States, China and Japan due to the reason that these countries are ranked top in the most advance technological growth. The Airbus was named by the airline industry due to its specific size and range. Airbus includes different types of Jets and planes namely as Aerospatiale, Deutsche airbus, Hawker Siddeley and Fokker. Within the airbus industry, Aerospatiale and Deutsche took 36.5% of share according to production; Hawker took 20% and Fokker as 7%. During the year 1971 in October the Spanish company CASA acquired 4.2% of the share of Airbus Industry. Than later in the years different changes took place including the British acquisition of British Aerospace and acquired 20% of the s hare. This impacted on the share of shareholders which reduces to 37.9%. Initially the growth of consortium was poor by 1979 much of the improvements take place and among them was the services of 81 aircrafts or airbuses. It was 1981, when the launch of A320

Katharina Reiss Text Typology

Katharina Reiss Text Typology Reiss translation-oriented text-typology provides a systematic approach to translation. More interestingly, it approaches translation at the text level. This essay will examine Reiss typology with focus on Parting the Waters, published in National Geographic, a monthly magazine that borders on science, geography, history and culture. REISS TEXT-TYPOLOGY Reiss sees translation as an act of communication whereby the translator acts as a medium (secondary sender). This presupposes that a message has to be passed across, from the primary sender (source text) to the secondary receiver (target text). The major media are the source language and the target language. The aim here is to produce a target language text that is functionally equivalent to the source language text (Reiss 1971:160). This means the source text should be the consultative point for the translator. In order to achieve this functional equivalence, Reiss proposes a functional approach of text-typology. This approach takes into account the communicative functions of a source text as a basis for translating into the target text. In other words, a target text that does not have the same function as the source text is not entirely a translation, but what Reiss calls transfer (ref here). Reiss text-typology includes a two-phase approach in translating a text: Phase of analysi s and phase of reverbalization. The analysis phase basically involves establishing the text type, genre and style (linguistic form).The phase of analysis is the most important as that is what would inform the translation method to employ. Text-type of Parting the Waters Reiss identifies three text-types according to their communicative function namely: the informative type (communication of content), the expressive type (communication of artistically organised content) and the operative type (communication of content with a persuasive character). There is another hyper-type which she calls the audio-medial text type. This is more of a super-ordinate term for the other three and does not concern the text in question since it is a written text. Parting the Waters can be seen chiefly as an informative text type; first given the context of the text: magazine and second because it gives factual information about a place: Korea, and the geographical events that take place there. The translation strategy recommended in this case by Reiss should thus focus on conveying content. Text variety (genre) of Parting the Waters This stage has to do with the conventions of structure and language adopted by the text. However, Reiss explains that they may differ according to different cultures. The importance of this is to be able to find a functionally equivalent convention in the target text culture. In this light, Parting the Waters is a kind of popular scientific text. This suggests also that it seeks a wider audience other than scientists. This leads to the final stage of analysis: style. Style in Parting the Waters The final stage of analysis has to do with detailed semantic, syntactic and pragmatic analysis of the language use (Reiss 1971:166). Ordinarily, one would expect that when a text is an informative type, even the language used should be such that it is aimed only at giving facts. But that is often not the case, as Reiss herself admits not in one single language do form and function show a 1:1 relation (166). Hence, looking at the text, one would find a similar occurrence. The text has expressive language such as the internal rhymes: tides, divine, divide; of 15 feet. There is also an allusion to a biblical story: not divine interventions, an expression that answers the presupposition in the title itself Parting the Waters. Reiss thus considers this stage of analysis the most important, as the translator is faced with a decisive battle on what would inform the translation: the language or the function of the text. At this point, Reiss posits that if using an equivalent language style m ay weigh on the content of the text, then the translator should stick to the predominant function of the text. Translating Parting the Waters to Yorà ¹bà ¡: limitations Taking into consideration the content-focused function of the text, the translator is expected to employ a method that would achieve the same function as that of the target text by translating according to the sense and meaning (Reiss 1971:167). This suggests that the meaning conveyed by the target text should be equivalent to the meaning in the source text. For this to be achieved, Reiss adds that what is conveyed implicitly in the SL text should be explicated in the TL and vice versa (167). Being a popular science text, and specifically about geography, Parting the Waters has terms such as peninsula, southwestern, mile, width, feet, and spring. While some of them might have some kind of equivalence (i.e. peninsula, mile width) in , a climatic description like spring poses a problem because Yorà ¹bà ¡ neither has a word nor group of words for it. This is basically due to the different weather conditions. The question is: what should the translator convey here? This is important be cause spring as used in the text plays a major role in the content; by telling us when an event takes place. The only alternative here would be to replace the word with the time of the year this season happens in Korea. The problem with this is that it might change the meaning, as the sense of season is different from the calendar year. This aspect of the translation problem seems to call on Nidas gloss translation of formal equivalence, that is, the use of footnotes in order to make the text fully comprehensible (Nida 1964:129). What this means is that Reiss method is not sufficient to solve this translation problem. In talking about divine interventions, the text makes allusion to a biblical story about the Red Sea. This could be because the author had a target audience in mind and presumes they know about the story in the Bible. Although this can also be linked to the use of expressive language, it is however difficult to ignore the fact that this type of language use plays a role in the text- to maintain the interest of the reader. If the original audience for the source text were scientists, there is doubt as to whether expressive language would have been used at all, since all that would be needed are facts. The question is whether or not to include it in the translation. The answer to this is dependent on another question: who are the audience? Sacrificing the expressive form might change the text to an entirely scientific or historic one. This means a different readership, as it may not appeal to a common reader. The problem here is that Reiss method overlooks the fact there is an addresse e for even an informative text type. She acknowledges this only in the text variety stage. Communication itself is not complete without a receiver, in this case the audience. The title, Parting the Waters, also draws attention. It first makes the reader think of the biblical story of the red sea, and then makes a reader assume that is what the text is about. But this effect can only be achieved based on a shared knowledge between the author and the reader about the biblical story of the Red Sea. This assumption too must have been informed by the fact that the author had an audience in mind. However, the author quickly attends to this curiosity and possible misconception by the following opening sentence Tides, not divine interventions, divide Unfortunately, the target language (Yorà ¹bà ¡) audience is a mixture of different religions. In this text the title performs an expressive function, but that is not to say its predominant function is expressive. Since it is an informative text, one would expect again that the title would be informed by the major content being conveyed. But this is not the case. Moreover, attractive titles seem to be a common featu re of this genre. This is also a common feature of Yorà ¹bà ¡ magazines (ref here). The question here is: since content is the aim, should the target title be informed by the content alone and leave the use of expressive language? This of course is possible, as Reiss already advises on ignoring such language use especially if it will weigh on the content. The translation can simply have à pa-Õnà   Ã’kun Korea which means The Path between Korean Waters. The consequence of this however is that it might not appeal to the wider audience except a few, specialists. This brings up again the question: who are the audience? Reiss considers this an appropriate factor only when the function of the target text is different from the source text (Reiss 1971:170). What her typology fails to recognise is that both source and target texts can have the same function (as in the case of Parting the Waters) but different addressees. CONCLUSION While Reiss translation-oriented text-typology provides a systematic method of approaching a translation task, it does not provide a complete solution for some problems in English to Yorà ¹bà ¡ translation of Parting the Waters. This suggests that it is not absolute that a text function will provide a translation strategy. Fawcett (1997: 107) makes this same point: There is simply no necessary link between text function and translation strategy. Just because we have identified a text functiondoes not mean that we are led inexorably to any logical or translation-scientific imperative to take this function as an overriding parameter to which we subordinate our translation decisions. This further suggests that other translation theories are valid and useful to the extent to which they proffer a solution to a translation problem.

Essay --

899295 2/11/14 I did not cheat Chapters 20-22 1. Josiah Strong ID: An American protestant clergyman, and author of 1847–1916. Strong was a leader of the Social Gospel movement and preached mainly about the Protestant religious values. Significance: Strong wrote a book called Our Country that articulated some of many social and religious beliefs. Significance: Strong was an important contributor of founding of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ. Significance: Strong supported missionary work so that all races could be brought to Christ. 2. Yellow Journalism ID: Journalism that occurred during 1895 that is based upon exaggerations and rudimentary hyperboles. Significance: During the Spanish-American war, Yellow Journalism played a crucial role. It helped drive the United States and Spain into the confrontation in Cuba and the Philippines, which lead to the achievement of foreign territory by the United States. 3. Anti-Imperialist League ID: The American Anti-Imperialist League was established in 1898, to battle the American invasion of the Philippines as a limited area. Significance: This was unsuccessful. 4. Muckrakers ID: The term muckraker was used to describe the Progressive Era reformers. Muckrakers were analytical writers who exploited the evils of society. Some muckrakers were progressives who try to find change. Significance: Muckrakers showed how capitalists were cheating the community. Significance: At the time of social reform, the Muckrakers raised the awareness of disparity. 5. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire ID: In 1911, one of the deadliest industrial catastrophes in the history of the city of New York occurred called The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. Significance: As a result of unsafe working ... ...China. The Open Door Policy was meant to open China for trade and end the policy of influence allowing rivalry. 8. WWI had a dramatic impact on life at home. Included in your answer the effects of the war on FOUR of the following: (a) business, (b) labor, (c) agriculture, (d) minorities, and (e) the Progressive reform movement. †¢ After WWI, Americans quickly reduced ranks of its militaries, many evacuated, without a job, underappreciated and misconstrued. As well as most of all the farm being destroyed, most of the transportation was demolished so there wasn’t any way to get crops into the cities. Since they had to rebuild everything, Farmer prices were high. Women were taking over men’s roles in work placements to keep manufacturing and ammunitions assemblies going. 9. What obstacles did Wilson face in his quest to ensure peace and democracy throughout the world?