The Advancement Of Behaviorism A Look At The Progression...

The Advancement of Behaviorism: A Look at the Progression of Behavioral Science Through Time Sara Lalani Nova Southeastern University Abstract Why do people behave in the manner that they do? This is a question that has been asked since a few hundred years before the common era. Early individuals, such as Sigmund Freud, have come up with their own theories in an attempt to explain human behavior. On the other hand, Ivan Pavlov was not trying to necessarily explain human behavior, but he did set up a paradigm that inspired John B. Watson. Watson used Pavlov’s Stimulus—Response contingency to explore psychological facets of behavior, leading to methodological behaviorism. This form of behavioral science only analyzed behavior that could be seen by the naked eye and discounted mental events. In opposition to this, B.F. Skinner formed radical behaviorism, which did include the analysis of â€Å"private events,† which could include thoughts or even physical sensations. This eventually lead to the formation of applied behavior analysis, which retained a lot of Skinner’s beliefs, but the focus was shift ed to understanding behavior in order to reform it—with an emphasis on socially significant behavior. Composition on behaviorism from its early beginnings to the present is not something commonly found. There are articles that touch on the subject, but they are usually not comprehensive in regards to the entire proliferation of the study of behavior. This paper bringsShow MoreRelatedApplication of Observational Learning6241 Words   |  25 Pagesprovided. Choose any one of the learning theories shown. Be prepared in class to define the theory, describe its elements, and discuss how it could be used in the design of a training program. Introduction: Higher animals especially humans learn through observing and imitating others.Monkey reared in captivity with wild parents. Neuroscientists have discovered (mirror)neurons in the brain of animals and humans that activate during learning. Learning theory: Learning theories make general statementsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBehavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review

The Legal Drinking Age Should Be Abolished - 1634 Words

Legality and Liquor: A Balancing Act Laws surrounding alcohol use and consumption in the United States all stem from one major root: the Prohibition Era of the 1920s. The Prohibition Era lasted almost thirteen years and banned the production, the distribution, and the sale of alcohol. In 1933, the Prohibition Act was repealed and states designated their own legal drinking age. In 1984 the National Minimum Drinking Age act was passed and raised the drinking age in the United States to twenty-one. This law caused uproar in states that had declared the minimum drinking age to be eighteen. Alcohol consumption is a major factor in cultural and social matters and the National Minimum Drinking Age has affected everybody. This law is unjust†¦show more content†¦Alcohol has had a long history with amendments and ratifications. Some of the most notable amendments related to drinking are the eighteenth and the twenty-first amendments. The eighteenth amendment was based off prohibition and essentially banned alcohol from the United States. Antecedently, the twenty-first amendment repealed the eighteenth amendment. This left the states open to choose a legal drinking age; all of the states decided upon ages no less than eighteen and no greater than twenty-one. There is another pressing moral dilemma surrounding the National Minimum Drinking Age act. President Reagan, who signed the act recommended that, â€Å"All states should raise their drinking age to twenty-one, lest they lose a percentage of federal highway dollars† (Choose Responsibility). This was a not so subtle threat to the states. If the states did not change their legal drinking ages to twenty-one their highway funding would be cut, causing major problems with untended roads and ironically reducing roadway safety. It proved an effective threat as all the states adapted over to this law to avoid losing funding. This threat is a gross injustice of the National Minimum Drinking Age act, which is tied in with ex-post facto laws. Eighteen year olds hit a constitutional jackpot with their rights on their birthday, but they lack one very noticeable right: the right to possess and consume

Traumatic Shoulder Injury Rugby Union Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(292) " In Antereoinferior GHJ dislocations the humeral caput is forced down through the deficient inferior capsule and anteriorly due to the boney blocks of the acromial process, coracoid procedure and its tie ining ligament ensuing in a complete tear and rupture of the capsule in most instances\." Classified as a hit athletics by many athleticss sawboness the nature of Rugby Union consequences in comparatively high rates of traumatic hurts compared to other athleticss ( Sundaram et. al 2010 ) . Epidemiologic Injury Incidence Rates ( IIR ) demonstrate that participants who miss at least 24hrs of athletics scope from 69-218 incidences per 1000hrs of drama, with more serious IIRs being recorded every bit frequently as 13. We will write a custom essay sample on Traumatic Shoulder Injury Rugby Union Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 26-13.95/1000hrs ( McManus et al. 2004, Garraway et Al. 1995 ) . New Australian epidemiological research of a big cohort of 1475 rugger participants across all degrees of competition ( School boy, amateur, academy, professional ) have found that 14-28 % of entire rugger hurts involve the upper limb ( McManus et al 2008, Usman 2012 ) , specifically 66 % or an IIR of 13.12/1000hrs happening to the shoulder articulation with hurts such as ; Anterior Dislocations and breaks ( Usman et al 2012 ) .These upper limb hurts have been associated with the longest clip out of drama, quantified as more than 4 matches/28days or more, in the Australian survey ( Usman et al 2012 ) . All of this information indicates that upper limb hurts have a really high prevalence in the athletics and are besides rather enfeebling. In comparing to IIRs associated with rugger participants, the general population rates of Anterior disruption are every bit low as 1.7 % ( Boone 2010 ) .Considering this disparity in st atistical happening between the 2 populations, the debilitating nature of this hurt to rugby participants and the fact that it is extremely likely to show in a injury puting I have chosen to concentrate the balance of this essay on Anterior Dislocations of the shoulder. Anatomy and Mechanisms Prior to discoursing the mechanism of hurt involved with this rugger associated pathology, it is of import to foremost specify what constitutes the normal anatomical constructions of the shoulder articulation. Normal Anatomy The shoulder articulation allows for the most extended scopes of motions ( ROM ) in the full organic structure, due chiefly to the building of the GlenoHumeral Joint ( GHJ ) composite. This big freedom of motion depends on stableness of the joint to stay active and is achieved by the inactive and dynamic stabilizers: Inactive stabilizers include ; the glenoid labrum which increases the otic contact country by up to 50 % , the extrinsic coracoacromial arch and intrinsic ligaments linking the humeral caput and the shoulder blade. Dynamic stabilizers include ; the rotator turnup musculuss known jointly as SITS. Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor and Subscapularis. The GHJ and its associated constructions are innervated by the suprascapular, sidelong pecs and alar nervousnesss. The two groups mentioned above work in concurrence to maintain the humeral caput in close articulation with the glenoid pit and supply important stableness in order to supply a usually functioning articulation. ( Moore et al. 2009 ) Mechanism of Injury As rugger is a hit athletics with several participants at high speed typically involved in any one incident, it is really difficult to determine one definite mechanism of hurt. When questioned participants are frequently obscure on the inside informations of the mechanism, but it is reported that contact ( e.g. tackle state of affairss ) is responsible for 70 % of GHJ hurts ( Usman et al 2012 ) with foul drama merely being responsible for 6 % ( Crichton et al. 2012 ) .This is no surprise as tackling has been shown to be a major portion of the game with about 330 incidents per game ( Sundaram et al 2010 ) . Queerly nevertheless undertaking when measured with the usage of force tablets does non exercise a high plenty force to do hurt to the constructions in the shoulder. Usman et Al ( 2011 ) measured proper technique tackle forces utilizing dominant and non-dominant shoulders both in the lab and on the field. The findings demonstrated that undertaking merely produced half the sum of fo rce necessary to do traumatic harm to the shoulder. Therefore there is more elements to the mechanism of GHJ hurt than merely force via undertaking entirely. Subsequently surveies have made usage of picture analysis to reexamine a big base of GHJ hurts in order to set up a mechanism of hurt. It was found that there are three classical places ( c. f. appendix I ) in which GHJ occurs in rugger ; The try-scorer: diving and making with the arm flexed above 90A ° Tackler: Abducted arm driven behind the participant with a ensuing posterior force Direct Impact: Impact to shoulder from hit or land. Slightly flexed or impersonal with some internal rotary motion ( Crichton et al 2012 ) The Try-scorer and tackler were the most common groups for labral and humeral caput hurts happening in Antereoinferior GHJ disruptions, as the caput of the humerus is affected by a lever action from force transmitted through the arm in the wrong place ( Crichton et al 2012 ) . This illustrates that it is non undertaking that is the cause of hurt but more so wrong technique during a tackle or in contact with the land. The beginning of this improper technique is likely to be due to tire happening during the game. Tackling was shown to be a fatiguing activity as less force was produced with each tackle repeat when measured ( Usman et al. 2011 ) Fatigue has besides been shown to hold a negative consequence on an jock ‘s propioception or joint place sense ( JPS ) . As fatigue addition mechanoreceptors around the GHJ musculuss can non accurately describe JPS. Consequently during contact the jock will non hold their GHJ in the optimum place to absorb the force ensuing in hurt such as those described above from less effectual tackling ( Herrington 2008 and 2010, Sundaram et al 2010, Usman et al 2011 ) .Repetitive overloading of the inactive stabilizers through wrong undertaking technique can besides do incompetency of the GHJ taking to micro injury over clip and finally sprain/dislocation of the joint ( Goldberg et al 2003 ) .Other hazard factors that have besides been shown to be lending factors include ; accomplishment, playing experience, equipment, old hurts, playing place and degree of competition ( Usman et al 2011 ) Pathoanatomy In Antereoinferior GHJ dislocations the humeral caput is forced down through the deficient inferior capsule and anteriorly due to the boney blocks of the acromial process, coracoid procedure and its tie ining ligament ensuing in a complete tear and rupture of the capsule in most instances. Equally good as the ligamentous capsule hurt there is besides associated harm to both soft tissue and bone ( Thomas et al 2007 ) . With respects to soft tissue injury the most common pathoanatomy of soft tissue is a Bankart lesion ( Boone et al 2010 ) . This is a withdrawal of the anteroinferior Labrum and Inferior GH ligament with a farther 50 % of these showing with associated break of the Anterior rim of the glenoid pit ( Boone et al 2010 ) . Both of these occur when the humeral caput is forced out of the pit during disruption. If non treated decently, these lesions will take to a chronic instability in the accomplished shoulder, taking to recurrent disruptions as is seen in 21.5 % of incidences during the first lucifer after return to play ( Usman et al 2012 ) . Perennial disruptions are common in rugger due to a figure of factors such as early return to play, non-surgical intervention with stableness and other factors mentioned above in mechanisms. Recurrence causes the figure of constructions involved and the badness to increase dramatically.The figure of Anterioinferior labral lesions addition ( Doo-sup et al. , 2010 ) , Osseous Bankart lesions besides increase up to 56-86 % with perennial dislocators combined with a 67-100 % likeliness of besides holding a Hill-Sachs break ( Boone et al. , 2010, Beran et al. , 2010 ) . Hills-Sachs lesions occur on the postereo-lateral caput of the humerus as it impacts on the glenoid pit. Presentation History On showing to A A ; E the patient will more than probably describe one of the three scenarios above, saying that their arm was abducted and externally rotated at the clip of contact. They will besides describe to holding felt a faux pas and â€Å" dead † shoulder after the incident ( Goldberg et al. , 2003 ) . The other chief symptom showing with a disjointed shoulder are terrible hurting and reduced scope of gesture. The patient will besides keep their arm guarded in little abduction and external rotary motion. Examination Expression: The patient will look to hold really small ROM when discasing. The shoulder will look â€Å" squared off † with loss of deltoid contour. Feel: The humeral caput is tangible anteriorly in the subcoracoid part. It is besides of import to compare bilateral radial pulsations to govern out vascular hurt and to prove the alar nervus in the ‘regimental badge mark ‘ over the deltoid bilaterally. Move: Active motion ; the patient is unable to finish Apley ‘s abrasion trial, i.e. touch opposite shoulder, opposite shoulder blade, back of the cervix. In Passive motion the patient will defy abduction and internal rotary motion. Imagination: This must be done to govern out differential diagnosings of clavicular or humeral breaks. A shoulder injury series should besides be ordered Pre and Post decrease. An AP or alar X raies are the most suitable for Anterior disruptions. Post decrease movies are highly of import as 37.5 % of breaks such Hills-Sachs are seeable that would hold been missed Pre-reduction. ( Thomas et al. 2007 ) Treatment and Recovery Suitable analgesia and musculus relaxants should be selected, nevertheless intra-articular injections of lignocaine have been associated with fewer complications and decreased corsets than traditional IV opiate analgesia ( Wakai et al 2011 ) . The following measure is to instantly cut down the shoulder, as a successful decrease is normally associated with a pronounced decrease in hurting. A ‘clunk ‘ may be observed either palpably or audibly as the humeral caput re-enters the glenoid pit. Nerve map should be assessed anterior to and post-reduction over the regimental spot country of the shoulder. This is done to measure if the alar nervus was damaged during decrease of the joint. Afterwards the shoulder should so be immobilised ( Thomas et al 2007 ) . Post-reduction tends to mean the terminal of the A A ; E staff ‘s engagement with the disruption before discharge nevertheless it must be considered if the patient needs an orthopedic referral. In the presence of Bankart and Hills-Sachs lesions surgical intercession is frequently warranted as it is a cause of GHJ instability and a major hazard factor for return. In the bomber group of immature hit participants careful consideration is needed when taking the right process. Open processs are frequently favoured due to a high return rate of 89 % with some arthroscopic operations in contact athletics jocks ( Boone et al 2010, Golberg et al 2003 ) .The unfastened Latarjet-Pette process demonstrates good consequences in some tests with no return and a full return to rugby in 65 % of patients ( Neyton et al 2012 ) . Recovery clip so consists of 4 hebdomads of immobilization in a sling with 0 grades external rotary motion, after which beef uping exercisings can be introduced ( Jolles et al 2004, Auffarth et al 2008, Boone et al 2010 ) . New inventions Recent research in the orthopedic field has led to the usage of thrombocyte rich plasma ( PRP ) in the intervention of sinew, ligament and bone pathologies. The intervention involves utilizing an autologous blood dressed ore injected straight into the damaged tissue. The hypothesis is that the increased thrombocyte derived growing factors from the dressed ore will rush up the healing procedure. Presently there is non adequate grounds to back up this technique as there are really few RCTs with PRP usage on shoulders. Consequences are inconclusive as different concentrations of thrombocytes and different protocols have been used across different surveies. However as the grounds base grows it may be a valuable clinical tool in the hereafter ( Ujash et al 2012, Hall et al 2009 ) The usage of shoulder tablets in rugger has besides been investigated. When tackle forces with and without tablets were measured merely a non-significant decrease in force was observed. This leads to them exposing similar rates of hurt with lone superficial tissues being protected ( Usman et al 2011 ) .Future research could hence be aimed at doing more effectual shoulder pads/straps that do non alter the authorization of the game as set by the IRB. CAT osteoabsorptiometry has besides been used to measure the chronic effects rugby imposes on the GHJ. This technique tracks mineral denseness measured in Haunsfield units over the glenoid fossa country. Rugby participants compared to the controls, have a Posteroinferior displacement in mineralisation which was observed with 40 % of rugby topics exhibiting an inferior boney glenoid lesion ( Kawasaki et al 2012 ) . These findings may be utile in testing persons to supply trim intervention in order to forestall chronic instability later in life every bit good as decelerating the patterned advance of degenerative arthritis. Decisions In drumhead ague anterior disruptions of the shoulder are rather common in rugby participants with rates greatly transcending those of the general population. The mechanism is besides really variable as surveies have demonstrated at least three common ways it can happen. Dislocation is besides seldom unsophisticated with both soft tissues and bone constructions involved as in the instance of Bankart and Hills-Sachs lesions, or even damage to the alar nervus doing deltoid palsy and loss of abduction. These factors combined with the particular consideration necessary for the sub-population of immature hit jocks, can greatly act upon intervention and must be taken into history for successful intervention of this traumatic event. Appendix ( Crichton et al 2012 ) How to cite Traumatic Shoulder Injury Rugby Union Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Research Proposal for Food Waste Management-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theResearch Proposal for Food Waste Management in Denmark. Answer: Background to the problem Food being the essential component for the survival of human existence is the most powerful and growing industry around the world. Food not only provides the energy and nutrition but also allow us to grow and remain healthy. In the last few decades, the industrial food waste has been recognising as a significant issue of nutritional, social and environmental problems. With a total population of about 5.4 million, a stable business environment, Denmark is one of the highly developed countries. Copenhagen, capital of Denmark alone has 20% of total population of Denmark. Denmark being a highly developed country, people there are too busy and due to busy lifestyle they want to keep themselves physically fit and healthy. In Danish society the importance can be demonstrated with the spending of households over DKK 88,000 million in a year only on food and the agro-chain sector, from production to retail, has a total turnover of DKK 162,000 million in a year(Napier Bjerregaard, 2014). The whole process of the industry in Denmark only emits the largest amount of greenhouse gases, with a significant 7%of total CO2 emission, and if this food is not consumed then the resources used for this much production are wasted. All this has to be controlled with some effective way because if this wastage in food industry is not reducing then there will be a huge problem of lack of resources along with some environmental and social problems. This reduction of food waste can be achieved by different means but among all these means prevention is the best solution. Prevention will reduce the food waste and as well as the resources too(Affald Spild, 2017). Management problem In the last five years Denmark has become one of the leading European countries to fight for the food waste prevention. And the Danish Government has credited a woman, Selina Juul, who came from Russia, for her efforts to reduce the food waste by 25% in Denmark(Rodionova, 2017). To get some effective means for the reduction of over all food waste in Denmark the management of food industry has to analyse the root of the problem. This analysis will require the whole food chain analysis from production to the retail services. For this management has to collect some statistical and study data in terms of primary information and secondary data. This whole process will require the research to be conducted different major sectors responsible for the overall wastage of food which are processing, wholesale retail, food service and Household sector. All these sectors are equally responsible for the total food waste. Therefore, all the primary and secondary data has to be collected for the ind ividual sector in order to get the complete understanding of the problem. Further after collecting the required date management has to decide the suitable type of methodology for the research(Nielsen, 2017). This methodology can be one of the below stated two kinds of researches: Quantitative research Qualitative research After this, management has to make some really important decisions for the selection of the suitable method to conduct the research or study. The management has to decide its strategy and planning to conduct the study in such a way that the adopted method must be adoptable by the company and the outcome the study must be beneficial for the company(Hesse-Biber, 2015). To conduct an effective market research, management has to investigate the following factors about the new product in market: Demand of the market This study will help the management to get the actual demand of the market which is important to control the extra and unnecessary production of the food Market analysis In this particular management has to subgroup the market for its product by distinguishing the gender, personality and choice of the consumers and then management has to supply the quantity of different types of food according to the consumption by different segments of the market Research question The above research problem leads us to get some answers to deal with the management problems: What is the actual demand for food? What is the demand for individual cuisine in the market? What is the supply chain process of different products? Which food is loved most by the market? What is the supply for individual food? Research objective From the above research problem we derived some objectives to complete the research in an effective approach. This research problem provides the following objectives: To assess the activities responsible for the wastage of food and identify the nature and amount of the waste production. To identify and evaluate the food waste prevention in different sectors responsible for the major food waste production. To recommend the effective and suitable management to reduce wastage production. To consider different food waste minimizing methods and identify the good practise for the same(Carraresi Banterle, 2015). References Affald, U., Spild, S. (2017, April). Food Wasste Prevention in Denmark: Identification of Hotspots and Potentias with Life Cycle. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark: https://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2017/04/978-87-93529-80-9.pdf Carraresi, L., Banterle, A. (2015). Agri-food Competitive Performance in EU Countries: A Fifteen- Year Retrospective. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 18(2), 37-61. Hesse-Biber, S. (2015). The Problems and Prespects in the Teaching of Mixed Methods Research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 18(5). Napier, G., Bjerregaard, H. (2014). Towards An International Food Cluster in Denmark. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from Danish Food Cluster: https://danishfoodcluster.dk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TOWARDS-AN-INTERNATIONAL-FOOD-CLUSTER-IN-DENMARK.pdf Nielsen, M. M. (2017). eGovernance Framework for Successful Citizen Use of Online Services: A Danish-Japanese Comparative Analysis. Journal of Democracy (JeDEM), 9(2), 68-109. Rodionova, Z. (2017). Denmark Reduces Food Wastte by 25% in Five Years eith the Help of One Woman- Selina Juul. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from independent: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/denmark-reduce-food-waste-25-per-cent-five-years-help-selina-juul-scandanavia-a7604061.html